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Reprint from A 

THE LOYAL AMERICAN • 




PRESS OF 

AMERICAN ART PRINTING COMPANY 

2646 - 48 Spring Grove Avenue 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 



5 




DR. RANDALI, J. CONDON 



Chairman, Americanization Executive Committee 



Superintendent of Cincinnati Public Schools 



THE AMERICANIZATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

(INCORPORATED) 



ASSOCIATE MEMBERS BUDGET COMMITTEE 
THE COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES 



* 



OFFICERS: 

Dr. Randall J. Condon 
Chairman 

A. C. Cramer 

Treasurer 

Frank P. Goodwin 
Secretary 

Judge John Weld Peck 
Judge Robert S. Marx 
S. P. Egan 
Walter J. Friedlander 
Mrs. Siegfried Geismar 
Rev. Jesse Halsey 
Professor John Uri Lloyd 
D. B. Meacham 
T. M. Muir 
Dudley C. Outcalt 
Rabbi David Philipson 




STAFF: 

Dr. John L. McLeish 

Director 
Miss A. Mack 
Miss E. Meyer 
Mrs. E. Nichols 
Miss Edna Ritzi 
Mrs. F. Benner 
Miss O. Speidel 
Mr. Joseph Fagaly 
Mr. Theodore Kennedy 
Miss Marjorie Nichols 
Mrs. Fagaly 



THE AMERICAN HOUSE 

Community Center for Foreign-Born 

Americans 



HEADQUARTERS 

THE AMERICAN HOUSE 

Corner Central Avenue and Bank Street 
Telephone West 4896 
CINCINNATI, OHIO 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 

IN CINCINNATI 



BY DR. JOHN LEWIN McLEISH 



reprint FROM TH E LOYAL AM ERICAN 



o 



ne of the most vital problems in 
Cincinnati and other large cities of 
the country is the most feasible means 
of meeting the anticipated influx of 
new immigration which will undoubtedly follow 
the beaten paths westward. Probably you have 
noticed in press dispatches the arrival of five 
ships at Ellis Island just recently with some 
10,000 aliens seeking entrance into the 
United States. You may have noticed in 
earlier press dispatches the desperate 
measures being taken by the Russian 
Soviet to secure admission of its secret 
agents into the United States at any cost. 
Ellis Island, our first point of contact with 
our would-be guests, desirable and objection- 
able, from overseas, is crowded to capacity 
and hard pressed to meet the exigencies of 
the new burden testing its capacities. Cha- 
otic conditions throughout Europe, especial- 
ly in Poland, Russia, the Ukraine and the 
Balkans have made the problem so har- 
assing to individuals of all classes as to 
practically force them to seek a new start, 
in living on the other side of the Atlantic. 
The percentage of desirables embraced in 
this new army can hardly be said to be 
sufficient to compensate the -terrible hazard 
confronting us, should the secret agents of 
the Red terror gain an upper hand for 
their insidious propaganda to undermine 
your Government and mine. 

Ever more stringent has been the atti- 
tude of the State Department and subsidiary 
bureaus of the Federal Government in rais- 
ing barriers which will exclude undesirables 
and prevent the old world from sweeping 
its scum upon our shores. 

It is no small problem for the average 
foreign-born family nowadays to support 
its constituency already here, with the labor 
conditions uncertain and absolute living at 
its maximum. In spite of this fact, men and 
women in all walks of life from the humble 
domestic to the well-to-do-molder, persist in 
executing affidavits with the confident assur- 
ance that they can support a family of from 
five or six souls if admitted to the United 
States and guarantee the Federal Govern- 
ment against such becoming public charges. 
There are certain clauses in our existing 
immigration laws which practically abrogate 



all the safe-guards created by other clauses. 
For example, where we have an exceedingly 
stringent literacy test, the same is practical- 
ly nullified in the case of an alien of long- 
time residence who desires to bring his 
children, wife or parents to our shores. This 
very clause in Section 3, Immigration Laws, 
has been the practical cause of adding 
to illiteracy throughout the country. Locally, 
I may say for example: In a certain section 
of this city are some one thousand and sev- 
enty Russians, six hundred and twenty-five 
of these have been in our midst from periods 
averaging from five to nine years, without go- 
ing any farther toward completing the process 
of naturalization and the taking out of first 
papers. A recent drive was made in this 
particular section of the city with the re- 
sult that classes have been started to over- 
come conditions that should never have been 
permitted to exist. Many of these people 
welcome the opportunity of learning the lan- 
guage of America or of taking the steps thru 
proper instruction to qualify as personal 
participants in our Government when op- 
portunity is offered along the line of least 
resistance by carrying the instruction to 
them in their homes since they are markedly 
disinclined to spend the necessary hours 
demanded by the night classes in our pub- 
lic schools. This type of immigrant es- 
pecially has settled in a rather lethargic 
state mentally, their interest being in the 
prosecution of the various little businesses 
in which they have established themselves 
with an attitude of supreme indifference 
as to the practical workings of the Gov- 
ernment affording them a refuge, sustenance 
and a grade of life quite impossible to them 
in their wretched old-world environment. 

Almost the same conditions exist among 
the Syrians in the eastern section of this 
city. Cincinnati has been fortunate in this 
oversight upon the Italians especially. The 
Catholics and Presbyterians are paying es- 
pecial attention to this particular group 
of foreign-born while at the American House 
we too have cared for numbers of them 
in addition to our particular clientele, Rou- 
manians, Serbians, Hungarians, Poles and 
Greeks. An increasing interest has been 
awakened in these latter by close persona! 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



contact during the last few years of the 
workers spread out over the city under 
the various eleemosynary institutions. In 
most instances it is no longer necessary 
for us to go to them but knowing the ad- 
vantages we have to offer they now come 
willingly enough to our classes and audi- 
torium. The superior advantages of know- 
ing our language, our history, and our in- 
stitutions; of being able to play a personal 
part in the, to them, intricate machinery 
of our Government; above all, the elimina- 
tion of many little taxes thrust upon the 
so-called transient resident, has become so 
thoroly ingrain that now our night classes 
are crowded and the Federal Court has had 
to make more frequent the official natural- 
ization days. Such a Utopian condition may 
be said to be the outgrowth of unflagging 
energy and tireless activity upon the part 
of Federal, State and Municipal officials 
working in close co-operation with the Board 
of Education and civic and social organiza- 
tions of Cincinnati. I can confidently assert 
under no less authority that that of our 
own State Director, a Federal Naturalization 
Inspector and Mr. Peter .Roberts, the pioneer 
Americanization man of this country, that 
Cincinnati is actually performing a more 
strenuous program of Americanization than 
two-thirds of the cities of the country. There 
is reason for this. Harmony between and 
support of all institutions doing success- 
ful Americanization work in Cincinnati has 
been the resultant of the closest accord 
among all the collective and individual agen- 
cies working in this particular field. The 
generosity of our citizens, the personal touch 
manifested in our work by the various wom- 
en's organizations, the intense interest upon 
the part of our business men have all com- 
bined to enable the Americanization Execu- 
tive Committee to work unhampered in the 
carrying out of its program. Of course, we 
have had our disappointments; what pub- 
lic bureau has not? Failure in any one 
line has always given redoubled energy 
to recheck along another. 

We are cleaning house among those of 
the foreign-born already in our midst and 
with an eye to future perplexities incidental 
to the human flood which will bear down 
upon us over the East, a close affiliation 
has recently been made between such agen- 
cies as the Travelers' Aid Society, Com- 
munity Service, Municipal Health Depart- 
ment, Better Housing League and the Ameri- 
canization Executive Committee to extend 
our influence to the newly arrived immigrant 
and his family as he steps from the train at 
one of our depots. The hygienic personal and 
family survey will be made available under 
the new method formulated which will 
minimize largely the possibilities of unde- 
sirables remaining long within our midst. 
And this is as it should be. A considerable 



difficulty heretofore presenting in our re- 
lations with the immigrant has been the 
belatedness of our personal contact. Many 
foreign groups have congregated in the 
poorer streets of the city, leading their iso- 
lated existence on an old-world basis, five or 
six in a room; making their noodles on the 
family pot and enjoying a meal of peasant 
bedspreads, later digging them out of the 
style and fashion on the same scale as their 
half civilized ancestors did some 300 years 
ago. Education in sanitation, furnishing 
proper food concomitants and personal hy- 
giene has been vigorously prosecuted in Cin- 
cinnati during the past five years. If I should 
show you some of the pictures of over- 
crowded bed rooms and filthy lodging houses, 
an utter disregard of sanitation, pictures 
taken within our own Mohawk within a 
period of five years past and to-day take 
you thru the same locale, where you could 
see the results made possible through the ag- 
gressive work of the Better Housing League. 
Municipal Health Department and the Ameri- 
canization Executive Committee, I think you 
would come to a common agreement that 
Americanization is distinctly worthwhile. It 
has more than paid for itself in practical 
accomplishment during the two years of its 
aggressive existence in the Mohawk. One 
of our safe-guards in Cincinnati is the fact 
that we have been fortunate up to the pres- 
ent time in having a preponderance of as- 
similiable aliens. Of this you can satisfy 
yourself by looking in on any Naturaliza- 
tion day at the United States District Court 
at the Federal Building. Some months ago 
when the Federal Government was spread- 
ing its drag net throughout the country 
seeking to gather in the propagandists of 
Bolshevism and Red anarchy, Cincinnati 
was one of the few cities in which this close 
scrutiny was hardly deemed necessary. In 
other words we had a clean slate and this 
was due largely to the fact that we had cul- 
tivated personal contact with the foreign- 
born for some years past. With us, Ameri- 
canization is no longer a mere groping but 
a thoroly worked out system based upon 
the personal contributions of trained soci- 
ologists and experienced officials. Thoroly 
competent workers and tireless executives 
have brought to their tasks a thoro un- 
derstanding acquired thru much personal 
self-sacrifice. I think perhaps our greatest 
asset may be said to be the realization of all 
concerned that Americanization is but a syn- 
onym for education and that to evolve a 
new citizen by judicial creation means the 
actual driving into a none-too-receptive skull 
by dint of constant repitition of the superior 
advantages of our ideals, our institutions, 
our ancient and honorable history, above 
all that due reverence for a Government 
which has stood the test of 133 years and 
proven itself of the people, by the people and 
for the people. It is only to be expected that 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



with an under-staffed force at Ellis Island, 
an army of new comers on the ground and 
the absolute necessity of a speedy clearance, 
many mistakes will be made and the sneak- 
ing propagandist will find his way into our 
central and eastern cities to spread his 
noxious poison upon the fertile ground where 
he finds contact with the disgruntled petu- 
lant alien of long time residence. Agencies 
like ours have striven hard to a proper ad- 
justment for the square peg in the round 
hole. In many instances, successful failures 
have still been scored and it is such failures 
the shrewd propagandist from Bolshevic 
Europe will find his easy mark. Alertness 
on the part of the native-born is the great 
need of the moment. The employer must 
take personal cognizance of the wage earner. 
The business man by his liberality must 
make possible the continued activities of 
the various agencies endeavoring to spread 
contentment thru better understanding. The 
women's organizations should continue a 
splendidly intense interest in the foreign- 
born and find their reward in the convic- 
tion that they have aided in making Cin- 
cinnati one of the most progressive Ameri- 
can cities in the land. Americanization is 
not a fad. It is a duty and as a duty we 
bespeak your personal interest in our work 
which depends for its very life upon close 
co-operation with the community at large. 



Americanization in Cincinnati can confi- 
dently be said to have passed the experi- 
ment stage. The science of Americanization 
is new at best. In many communities thru- 
out the country it was evolved directly as 
a resultant of the World War. A quiet and 
constructive interest in the. foreign-born 
has been manifest in Cincinnati since the 
fall of 1912. 

In the ultimate establishment of a hospi- 
tality house for the foreign-born, much 
credit is due to Alexander Landesco. 
He was a Roumanian, who after a lib- 
eral education in Switzerland, came as 
an immigrant to the United States. After 
graduating in law, he located in Cincinnati, 
Being a man of pleasant personality, Landes- 
co made many influential friends. He be- 
came secretary to the Mayor of Cincinnati 
and later established a bank in the heart 
of the foreign colony, bordering the Mohawk 
Being in close touch with the Roumanians, 
Serbians and Hungarians of that particular 
district, Mr. Landesco at first worked with 
the Immigrant Welfare Committee having 
modest quarters near his bank. For the 
next few years, the attention given the 
foreign-born was all that might be expected 
considering the limited resources of the pi- 
oneer society for their welfare in this par- 
ticular community. 



Tn June, 1917, increased interest was 
awakened in practical Americanization thru 
the entrance of the United States in the 
World War. At an initial meeting were 
present representatives of the Americaniza- 
tion Committee of the Chamber of Com- 
merce, the Immigrant Welfare Committee 
and Pubic Schools. This thoroly represen- 
tative body comprised such dynamic ex- 
ecutives as Dr. Randall J. Condon, Super- 
intendent of Schools, Judge Howard Hol- 
lister of the United States District Court, 
Alexander Landesco, Mr. Dudley C. Outcalt, 
Mr. Frank P. Goodwin, of the Board of Edu- 
cation, Rabbi David Philipson, Messrs. Aram 
and Grant, C. R. Hebble and A. M. Boulware 
of the Chamber of Commerce. It was es- 
timated that $4000 would be needed for 
Americanization work in Cincinnati. Sub- 
committees were appointed to raise this 
sum. The need of a community house or 
center where representatives of all nation- 
alities could foregather was strongly pressed. 
A site was suggested in an old tenement 
house at the corner of Central Avenue 
and Bank Street. 

This had formerly been Rosen's Cafe, a 
most antiquated structure in the form of 
a flat-iron. Nightly, the men of the district 
would flock to the barn-like saloon on the 
first floor to steep their minds in drink and 
gamble their money away while upstairs 
were herded their women and children in 
almost unconceivable numbers living under 
squalid conditions. Gambling and fights ga- 
lore and the babel of many tongues had made 
the place a landmark in the neighborhood. 
Its influence was decidedly retrograde rather 
than any contribution toward the desired 
goal of Americanization. Only the coming 
of prohibition put a cessation to the evil 
influence and explotation of the foreign- 
born. 

Upon this old building, the Americaniza- 
tion Executive Commitee secured a ten year 
lease. Improvements were begun forthwith. 
An eye to future needs marked the develop- 
ment of the American House, for the men 
behind the movement had already visualized 
the on-rush of war-weary immigrants to 
America, after the cessation of the World 
War. 

Upon the ground floor was an-up-to-date 
auditorium, a reception room, kitchen and 
public baths on the second floor, business 
offices, two well-equipped classrooms, a mus- 
ic room and ladies' rest room. Each of 
these was very handsomely furnished by 
one of the women's organizations of Cin- 
cinnati. Two floors above are still at the 
disposal of the Committee as requirements 
may demand in the future. 

On Thanksgiving Day, 1918, The Ameri- 
can House, the first Community Center in 
the United States exclusively devoted to the 
foreign-born was formally opened. The first 
Director was Mr. George Eisler who re- 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



tained the incumbency for a year and then 
resigned to enter a similar field at Buffalo, 
New York. His successor was Dr. John L. 
McLeish, formerly Educational Secretary 
to the Allied Armies of North Russia, com- 
prising Americans, British, Serbians, Ital- 
ians, and Russians, his headquarters at Arch- 
angel embracing a two-hundred mile front. 

From the day of its dedication the Ameri- 
can House has been a buzzing bee-hive of 
activity. At the outset its main alien groups 
were Roumanians and Serbians. With the 
outstretching of its influence, however, it 
has now become a city-wide proposition — 
its activities extending to every group of 
foreign-born in the city. 

Having the distinct advantage of closest 
co-operation with the Public Schools, thru 
the Superintendent, Dr. Randall J. Condon — 
with the Chamber of Commerce thru the 
Director of Civics, Mr. Frank Goodwin — 
and with the various organizations of the 
city thru the splendid personnel of the Com- 
mittee — constructive work has been made 
possible as in no other way. 

Not the least interest features of the 
work at the American House are the in- 
dividual cases daily presenting in addition 
to the routine execution of affidavits, appli-. 
cation for passports and other details of a 
similar nature, many cases present a real 
human interest. For example a certain Ser- 
bian in this city had been indulging in high 
finance on a modest scale to the detriment 
of his own and other nationalities. His 
transactions in real estate evinced a high 
degree of shrewdness, purchasing a number 
of houses at modest sums and plastering 
them with all sorts of mortgages. Possessed 
of a one-time thriving grocery business his 
latest venture was in selling one-half in- 
terest in this concern on short time part- 
nerships, averaging thirty days. Finally one 
of his recent victims presented himself at 
the American House with a cutely worded 
article of partnership in the grocery, wherein 
for the sum of two thousand dollars rep- 
resenting all his savings he was to receive 
one-half interest in the grocery, with $500 
payable every ten days and his note pre- 
sentable at the end of May. Needless to 
say when settling time fell due our Rou- 
manian friend had not received a nickel. 
With the co-operation of Mr. Dudley Outcalt, 
the Director investigated the Serbian Wal- 
lingford's affairs, found that he had resold 
his grocery during the pendency of the 
original victim's holding, to a young Ser- 
bian couple, getting all their ready cash,... 
also previously had borrowed $3000 from a 
Hungarian family, all they possessed and 
was about to seek further partners when 
Mr. Outcalt and the Director brought suit 
for their client, had a receiver appointed, 
so stoping further adventure into the field 
of high finance and stand a fair chance 
of recovering a portion of the money mis- 



invested for their foreign-born friends. 

Another case was referred to us by the 
Court of Domestic Relations, that of a Ser- 
bian who had abandoned his wife several 
years ago after very markedly mistreating 
her. The Director traced this man successive- 
ly to Akron, then to Detroit and after full 
investigation recommended a divorce, which 
decree Judge Charles Hoffman recently 
granted. 

A Roumanian of Reading, Ohio, ad- 
vanced a clever stranger $2500 to put in 
a little box on the promise that he would 
bring out $5000. He took the supposed new 
money home to sleep on and the next morn- 
ing found it transformed into tissue paper. 
Soon after the American House received 
a possible clue to the swindlers at Wheel- 
ing, W. Va. and was furnished pictures and 
descriptions of men under arrest there for 
perpetrating the same deception. 

One day there came to the American 
House one of the most prominent Greeks of 
the city, a man who in ten years has built 
up a candy business netting him $500 a 
month, owns his own home and is on the 
final road to citizenship. Years ago in 
Greece this man was betrothed to the little 
girl next door. Her parents died, — she was 
alone, almost destitute, when with affidavits 
executed at the American House and money 
sent by the Greek referred to, she sailed 
from Patros, Greece, April 15th. She was 
held for deportation at Ellis Island because 
of her inability to meet the literacy test. 
The American House expended months of 
effort endeavoring to procure the girl's ad 
mission. Finally a concession was granted, 
permitting her to re-enter America any time 
within the year when she could meet the 
literacy test. Her betrothed returned with 
her to Greece only to bring her back as his 
wife. 

Some two years ago a young Roumanian 
named Dodoi was mustered in to the Army. 
He was known to have amassed a little 
money amounting to $2000. Contracting 
Flu, the young fellow died. His father be- 
came destitute and wrote to friends in Cin- 
cinnati. They placed the case in the hands 
of the American House. After endless in- 
quiry and correspondence, the estate left 
by the young man was located in Benton, 
Illinois, an Administrator was appointed by 
the Judge there. The estate grew material- 
ly in extent and a handsome amount in 
reality and personality awaits the young 
man's aged father in Roumania. 

I might cite many similar cases.... the 
forcing of a landshark in Pennsylvania to 
surrender title to a piece of property for 
which he had received $1400 from a young 

Hungarian this through our Mr. Outcalt's 

office the securing of real estate titles 

in Indianapolis for a young Greek who near- 
ly lost all his holdings because of failure 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



to meet taxes, adjustment of numerous in- 
come taxes, reuniting, families separated 
by the width of the oceans. . . .all these but 
part of our day's work. 

Evening is the time when this empirical 
effort at practical Americanization is seen 
to best advantage. In Spring and Summer 
at 7:30 sharp, on Monday nights the au- 
torium is opened to the "kiddies" and trained 
young woman garbed as gypsies regale them 
with an hour's story telling. In another 
room the Mother's Club "the women with 
shawls about their heads" gather for a social 
hour with the workers. 

Tuesdays and Thursdays two classes in be- 
ginning and advanced English assemble for 
two hours instruction. They represent men 
and women of all nationalities and average 
about twenty to twenty-five to each class. 
Thursday evening too a high class movie 
fills the auditorium and in the summers is 
given out of doors. Saturday evenings there 
is a dance for the younger set of foreign- 
born and Sunday evenings a high grade 
musicale by volunteer talent. 

Sunday afternoon finds a Citizenship Class 
in full swing for those who cannot attend 
the regular night sessions of the Public 
Schools. 

A crying question with all institutions 
undertaking a program of Americanization 
has been relative to the Sunday divertise- 
ments. Those of you who are familiar with 
European customs especially those of the 
Slavic nations of southeastern Europe, are 
quite aware that Sunday ideals and ideas 
are in striking contrast to our own. For 
most of these peoples especially those of 
peasant origin, it has been an established 
mode of procedure to attend morning ser- 
vices at church and then devote the rest 
of the day to social gatherings with dancing 
and refreshment. The dancing of old Europe 
is for a much more dignified and serious cast 
than many of the more frivolous styles 
indulged in by our own people. Especially 
is this true of the national dances which 
are participated in by the whole family, 
adults and children. As you see a large 
circle of men and women grouped about 
their children, slowly undulating to right 
or left to the weird strains of many violins, 
It suggests an immediate visualization of tri- 
bal display. Very recently we had a Rou- 
manian gathering to observe the christening 
of the baby of one of their leaders. Some 
150 persons participated in the national danc- 
es. It was a happy carefree crowd and even 
the little children entered into the zest 
of the occasion with the same enthusiasm 
as their elders. A chicken dinner pro- 
vided by the happy father was followed 
by a quaint auctioning off of the baby 
which brought a substantial nest egg for 
the little fellow of approximately $250. A? 
a result of early experiments in the char- 
acter of Sunday entertainments, best suited 



for the heterogeneous groups gathering at 
the American House, a high-grade musical 
and literary entertainment seems to afford 
universal pleasure. Only recently a Boys' 
Band from the General Protestant Orphan 
Asylum held a packed auditorium for sev- 
eral hours. This best embodies the ideal 
of the Americanization Executive Commit- 
tee, to impress upon their different alien 
proteges the truly wholesome character of 
a fittingly observed American Sabbath. 

One of the most successful gatherings of 
this kind was held in the open air this 
summer the speaker, Mr. L. A. Burrell, de- 
livering a splendid address on "American- 
ism" which held his audience without in- 
terruption for two hours. This speaker was 
furnished under the auspices of the League 
of Christian Women and a brief preliminary 
Community sing was conducted by Will R. 
Reeves. 

An earnest effort is now under way to 
improve upon all past methods in dealing 
with the immigrant coming to Cincinnati. 
Recently a conference was held in the office 
of Dr. Craven, Assistant Commissioner of 
Health in Cincinnati, at which were present 
Miss Tracy, of the Travelers' Aid Society, 
Mr. Bleecker Marquette of the Better Hous- 
ing League, Mr. Folsom of the Health Dept.. 
Dr. Craven and the Director of the American 
House. At this initial conference, a plan was 
submitted and accepted for closest co-oper- 
ation between these various agencies to be 
increased with a full membership a little 
later on, with many other bureaus whose 
work is closely akin to those already affiliat- 
ed. The incentive will be getting into personal 
contact with each immigrant family or in- 
dividual immediately upon arrival in Cincin- 
nati. Thru the Travelers' Aid Society such 
persons will be at first reported on card in- 
dexes to the Health authorities who will give 
them a thoro physical over-hauling. The 
card will then be passed to the Better 
Housing League which will inspect their 
proposed habitat. Final reference will be 
made to the Americanization Executive Com- 
mittee to make proper vocational adjustment 
for such members of the family as must 
contribute to its support, incidentally as- 
certain their educational need and refer 
them to the proper class for rapid instruc- 
tion. Our plan is still in its incipiency; 
nevertheless, the enthusiasm with which all 
the agencies have contributed to the work- 
ing out of the details makes its success 
almost assured. I think this is the first 
undertaking of its kind in any of the inland 
cities and in many other cases Cincinnati 
may have the distinction of having inau- 
gurated something decidely new and con- 
structive. 

The question of immigration has become 
today one of the most vital problems with 
which the Federal Government has to deal. 
Since the termination of the World War, im- 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



migration has been a great problem with 
its average of 5000 per day set down at Ellis 
Island and after due examination transhipped 
to various parts of the country. These new- 
comers in our midst are quite unaccustomed 
to our ways, our habits and manners of life. 
Two-thirds of these are of the idustrial 
class accustomed to the more conservative 
and slow productivity of Europe. They 
are unfamiliar with the rapid driving meth- 
ods necessarily prevalent in America. In 
consequence they are hard pressed to find 
themselves. Many skilled mechanics are 
forced back in the ranks of unskilled labor 
because of sheer inability to recognize im- 
mediately the new conditions thrust upon 
them. It is these irresponsibles that general- 
ly develop a manifest and growing germ of 
discontent that finds its ultimate expression 
in agitation, anarchy and bolshevism. Un- 
familiar with our institutions, repelled in 
many instances by the native born, ex- 
ploited by the shrewder agents of their 
own nationality, they eventually arrive 
at the conclusion that all America is 
against them and more times than one en- 
deavor to exact compensation from their 
fancied persecutors thru the bomb, or mass 
demonstrations so recently in evidence in 
many parts af the country. 

It took a great national awakening like 
America's entry into the World War to lead 
the native born to the sudden discovery 
that a large percentage of our population, 
the foreign born, had been most sadly neg- 
lected and terribly misunderstood. Im- 
mersed in our own prosperity and pleasure, 
we had found but little time to accord our 
guests from overseas, and as a result they 
naturally segregated themeslves into groups 
of their own nationality. They made no 
especial effort to familiarize themselves with 
our history, our institutions, or our people 
and in consequence in many cases there 
have been planted European colonies in 
various sections of America, leading their 
isolated lives in a monotonous daily drudge 
with the one desire of accumulating suffi- 
cient to take themselves and their families 
back to the homeland where they might 
try to forget the coldness, the neglect and 
the lack of friendly association which had 
been their lot in the land of disillusion- 
ment. 

The realization of this unfortunate atti- 
tude of mind on the part of many of our 
immigrant population was brought to light 
largely as a result of close investigation 
of the lives and groups of the foreign-born 
in our midst with the necessary accompani- 
ment of war time statistical requirements. 
The hitherto neglectful American came to 
a realization that his had been the fault — 
that his must be the task of undoing an in- 
voluntary injustice by changing not alone 
his hitherto unintentional cold and inhos- 
pitable attitude, but by carrying to the stran- 



ger at his gates the hospitable hand of 
love, understanding and truth. In every sec- 
tion of the country, agencies and societies 
of Americanization sprang quickly into be- 
ing, all actuated by the one common impulse 
of interpreting America to the potential 
Americans from overseas. Americanization 
came into being as a war time necessity; 
it is now a patriotic duty. 

A closer acquaintance with the average 
alien reveals in nearly every instance a re- 
ceptive human being, eager and hungry for 
an understanding of America, receptive and 
grateful for every assistance, contributing 
to the better development of himself and 
his family. Hardly a man from overseas 
properly apporached will fail to answer to 
the precious lure of citizenship provided the 
ease of its acquirement and his personal 
fitness make its attainment possible. Many 
of you Americans of today need American- 
izing quite as much as the guest from over- 
seas, whom until recently it seemed to be 
the fashion to wholly ignore or accord at 
best a superficial friendliness which engen- 
dered no response. Some communities have 
taken the cold blunt attitude that is possible 
to force the alien into consumating the 
process of his naturalization. Cincinnati 
at the outset has stood against any such 
coercive policy, assuming the counter-view 
that friendly approach, patience and per- 
suation will ultimately develop more sin- 
cere, earnest, real new citizens. Some 
three years of active experience with 
this particular policy has brought to your 
city the possibility of a National Fed- 
eral inspector saying that Cincinnati stood 
in the very highest ranks from point of 
accomplishment of the cities of the Union 
in practical Americanization. Thruout Cin- 
cinnati, the Americanization Executive Com- 
mittee has thrown a force of earnest field 
workers into every section of the city where 
those of overseas have congregated. These 
developed a personal and family acquain- 
tance with people of every nationality. Thru 
obtaining teachers of tireless activity, the 
Americanization Executive Committee has 
carried the language of America into the 
homes of foreign-born women of different 
districts, co-operating with the Board of Ed- 
ucation and its night schools in every sec- 
tion of the city. It cannot be but a matter 
of pride — to residents of conservative Cincin- 
nati to know how considerable a program 
your generosity and co-operation has made 
possible. Still the Americanization Execu- 
tive Committee is by no means satisfied. 
While they have accomplished much thru 
the generosity of our splendid citizenship, 
the great big task of Americanization still 
confronting us — the attainment of the 100 
per cent American shop which ultima thule 
can only be realized thru the active aid 
and co-operation of the inspiring force of 
each industrial machine — the foreman. It is 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



hardly necessary to stress the palpable 
fact that mass contentment and mass un- 
derstanding are deadly to industrial unrest. 
Upon the part of employers, a little closer 
acquaintanceship with the foreign-born in 
each department, a sympathetic allowance 
for such deficiencies and lack of adjustment 
as he may at first exhibit, getting under 
the crust of the worker to the heart of the 
real man, logical explanation of the great 
advantage accruing to him and his. thru 
entering upon the path of citizenship will 
more than repay the effort expended in the 
realization of the fact that there has been 
assured the Government another loyal citi- 
zen, the industry a more efficient employee 
and a family a bettter parent. In the sign- 
ing up of an employee, there is no reason 
in the world why every industrial concern 
should not let it be decidedly understood 
that every foreign-born employee should at 
least be the possessor of first papers. The 
process of declaration for good citizenship 
is of the very simplest, filling out a short 
blank and answering a few questions upon 
a single sheet of paper, the presence of 
the applicant at the Federal Court and the 
payment of a nominal fee of $1. The mere 
holding of first papers is an inspiration to 
the foreign-born to seek to qualify for 
second papers and an ample time is al- 
lowed by the two years intervening for his 
proper acquisition of our language and 
elementary history and civics. As instruc- 
tion is offered to everyone, there seems 
really little excuse why with your co-op- 
eration, the ultimate goal of Americaniza- 
tion agencies, the 100 per cent American 
shop, cannot in time be fully realized. In 
dealing with the foreign-born you must bear 
a few T things strenuously in mind. At home, 
he has been as much a man for self-expres- 
sion and self-initiative as any. average Ameri- 
can. If he fails to develop any especial 
assertiveness here, it is merely because of 
a lack of adjustment to our speedier meth- 
ods and time-saving devices and enforced 
reserve thru lack of language and the fixed 
conviction that you personally may have 
no particular interest in him or his, be- 
cause of your repellant attitude. You will 
remember too that citizenship cannot be 
forced upon him. He must be shown by 
practical demonstration how his declaration 
of intention is bound to help him by giving 
him assured status as a permanent resident 
of his community and so relieving him of 
the 8 percent income tax imposed upon non- 
resident aliens in many sections of the 
country. There are, too. certain rights and 
privileges in the matter of licenses and in- 
dividual business and withheld from other 
than bona fide citizens of the United States. 
If for no other reason his duty to his wife 
and children, their father's status in the land 
of their adoption calls for his completing 
the process of naturalization. 



We are often asked as to the best methods 
for volunteer workers to approach the for 
eign-born and I can best answer this qucs 
tion by quoting the advice of the California 
Immigration Commission in relation to the 
alien in our midst. 

"1. Don't snub foreign people — make 
friends with them. 

2. Don't laugh at their questions about 
American life — answer them. 

3. Don't profit by their ignorance of 
American law — help remove it. 

4. Don't distrust the foreign-born — make 
them trust you. 

5. Don't mimic their "broken" English — 
help them correct it. 

6. Don't drive the immigrant into finan- 
cial failure — success makes for citizenship. 

7. Don't underrate his intelligence — he 
had brains enough to come here. 

8. Don't call him offensive nicknames — 
how woud you like that yourself? 

9. Don't "Americanize" by fear and 
threats — "Americanize" by the square deal. 

10. Don't make the immigrant hate Ameri- 
ca — make him love America." 

If Associated Press dispatches and our 
own considerable experience since the first 
of the year in executing affidavits for those 
who are desirous of bringing their rela- 
tives from all sections of Europe is any 
criterion, the United States is veritably 
threatened with a foreign invasion which 
demands the most serious consideration from 
all of us native-born. The question of hous- 
ing the vast army of new arrivals, providing 
for employment, teaching them the language 
and getting them started right is one that 
must be confronted by every city in the 
land within the next few months. Cincin- 
nati fortunately has looked ahead to this 
possible emergenecy thru closer co-opera- 
tion of its various agencies. It will be no 
easy task, however, even without thoroly 
perfected organizations in this city to con- 
tinue our hither to successful ministrations 
to our established clientele and efficient 
handle the influx without the thoro accord 
of every organization in our city. Your 
missionary w^ork is being brought to you 
at home for the foreigner is coming over 
seas. We have been fortunate in the past 
year in receiving considerable help from 
many organizations similar to your own rep- 
resenting many different sects, Catholic, Pro- 
testant and Jewish societies have contribu- 
ted frequently to the various very creditable 
entertainments given at the American House 
and we sincerely trust that we may count 
upon a similar service from your organiza- 
tion. A Sunday evening musicale or any 
combined musical and literary program that 
you many see fit to offer at any time at the 
American House would be most helpful con- 
tributions to the cause of practical Ameri- 
canism in this city. 



10 



THE AMERICAN1ZA1 ION PROBLEM 



One of our greatest needs at present is 
a complete survey of the foreign popula- 
tion in our midst. A considerable exodus of 
immigrants to other industrial centers lured 
by high wages or a return to their homeland 
has made all existing surveys more or less 
inaccurate. A house to house canvass or a 
block to block survey such as was recently 
consumated by the Jewish Settlement is 
a crying need at this time and as the ex- 
pense involved would be far more than 
the limited budget of the Americanization 
Executive Committee could permit at this 
time, it is hoped that volunteer workers 
may be found willing to undertake a survey 
in certain foreign-born sections of the city. 
Success in this particular aim will contribute 
materially to the efficiency of the American- 
ization Executive Committee. 

On Thanksgiving Day, 1920, the American- 
ization Executive Committee, thru the gen- 
erosity of a number of friends served a 
Turkey dinner, complete in every detail, 
to 110 foreign born members of its class 
in English and Civics. Immediately there- 
after, a series of beautiful tableaux were 
presented representing high lights of Ameri- 
can history. The participants were mem- 
bers of the classes. 

I am sure it will interest you to know of 
the thoro course being given prospective 
candidates for naturalization both in the 
Public Schools and the classes of the Ameri- 
can House. With regard to our classes, the 
very closest connection exists between the 
Board of Education and the Americanization 
Executive Committee. With the commence- 
ment of the fiscal year, Dr. Randall J. Con- 
don, Superintendent of Schools who is also 
Chairman of our Committee appointed Mr. 
George H. Davis as Director of Americaniza- 
tion and Citizenship in the Public Schools 
and under the latter's very able supervi- 
sion, a uniform course is being given all the 
foreign-born students of civics of this city. 
Among the topics treated in full length are 
"Advantages and responsibilities of Ameri- 
can Citizenship," "Important Facts About 
Naturalization," "Principles of Government 
and lines of demarkation between the var- 
ious kinds from the absolute monarchy to 
the ideal republic as exemplified by the 
United States, a Government of the people, 
by the people and for the people." "The 
machinery of the Federal Government and 
intimate knowledge of its framework as 
exemplified by the Constitution of the United 
States," "A comparative study of State Gov- 
ernments with Federal," "The sub-divisions 
of County and City Governments, high lights 
of American history from the time of Colum- 
bus thru the American Revolution, the Con- 
federate period, Civil War and modern his- 
tory," "A general survey of political parties, 
campaigns, elections and full instructions as 
to voting." A steady attendance of three to 
six months depending largely upon the abil- 



ity of the student thoroly prepares the appli- 
cant for final papers. 

A mistaken impression has prevailed 
among many that the officials are lax and 
with proper influence brought to bear may 
assure almost any applicant the granting 
of his naturalization certificate. Quite the 
contrary is the case. In the United States 
District Court are two very expert Examin- 
ers who thru long experience have ac- 
quired a thoro familiarity with the human 
equation. Prior to the final hearing before 
the Federal Judge of the District Court, 
these examiners summon each candidate to 
their office and submit from seventy-five 
to one hundred questions covering topics 
touched upon in the civics' course before 
described. In the case of former res- 
idents of enemy alien countries, the 
procedure is more difficult. However, 
competent they may be in the matter of 
answering the questionaire presented by 
the Examiners, the present uncertain status 
of the Peace Treaty has made it necessary 
that all these enemy alien applicants present 
a special request to the office of the United 
States Attorney General at Washington for 
exception from this classification and before 
they can even appear in District Court, the 
Department of Justice thru its local office 
makes a most thoro investigation of their 
personal lives and records back as far as 
1914. If found worthy and well qualified they 
are so certified to the Examiners and then 
assume the status of aliens from non-enemy 
countries. 

I have had some very self-confident for- 
eigners express a most strenuous objection 
to schooling and endeavor to assure me that 
they could learn all the questions pertain- 
ing to the Constitution in such a way as 
to thoroly satisfy the Federal Examiners. 
When you consider that many of these men 
can hardly speak the English language that. 
our local Examiners have thoroly familiar- 
ized themselves with this type, the ridi- 
culousness of their egotism is almost ac 
centuated. 

There has been a very strong tendency 
within the past few months to materially 
increase the barriers in the way of gaining 
access to the United States. Heretofore 
we have been very lax upon this vital ques- 
tion. Undoubtedly, the new regulations owe 
their existence to the attempts of the Rus- 
sian Soviet to flood America with Red 
spies. American Commissioners and Consuls 
abroad have been given discretion and in- 
deed the burden of proof as to whether or 
not applicants for a visa to a passport are 
worthy and well-qualified now rests entirely 
with them instead of as hereto with the 
State Dept. This is a correction which 
should have been made a long time ago be- 
cause it is obvious that our represntatives 
abroad are in a much better position to es- 
timate the mental physical and moral quali- 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



II 



fications of an emigrant on his home ground 
are than our central office in Washington 
over-whelmed as it is with a multiplicity 
of domestic details. It is really one of the 
most interesting problems presenting to 
know just what attitude Congress will take 
in the future on the subject of immigra- 
tion. Assimilable aliens are really a need 
to the country but certain types of radicals 
must be prohibited admission even tho it 
necessitates the closing of our gates to many 
who would be otherwise be perfectly wel- 
come. The important duty confronts us 
in creating a closer personal contact with 
those already in our midst and so thoroly 
imbuing them with the ideals and ideas of 
sterling American citizenship that America 
may offer no breeding ground to discon- 
tent, to wild-eyed radicals who have here- 
tofore found their easiest instruments in the 
illiterate alien embittered by neglect and 
misunderstanding. 

Never before was there such a need 
for alertness and sel-sacrifice upon the duty 
on the part of the native-born than now pre- 
sents. Women especially have their tasks 
to repeat, if possible, the splendid record 
of womanly achievement everywhere ex- 
hibited in America since April 6th, 1917. 
Of the trained women social workers we 
have few enough; as to the volunteers, sin- 
cere and all as must be the impetus actuat- 
ing them, some considerable guidance and 
understanding acquired from trying experi- 
ence will be necessary before they can cope 
with the problem now looming in the near 
horizon. Throughout the land, institutes are 
being conducted under the experienced teach- 
ers, lectures are being given by qualified 
experts and class rooms are being filled 
with those aspiring to do their bit in the 
new patriotic duty brought to their very 
doors. 

I have before alluded to' the fact that 
many Americans need Americanizing. If 
we would visualize ourself in the personality 
of a poor washowman with eight or ten chil- 
dren living in squalid quarters and the hus- 
band of uncertain employment, of a most 
undesirable disposition, forcing his presence 
on us in the office when he should be at work 
When they have an influx of gorgeously 
gowned women who patronizingly inquire 
as to their present mode of living, it is 
hardly probable that they would be invited 
to come again. Indeed there have been many 
instances where scant courtesy has been ac- 
corded under such conditions and the unex- 
perienced volunteer has emerged from the 
hovel with a mistaken attitude as re- 
gards the foreign-born. It is this per- 
haps too common tendency of faddists to 
rush in unprepared upon a family hearth 
quite as sacred to the owner as their own 
more pretentious place in the suburbs that 
too often undoes the carefully blazed trail 
of the experienced social workers. One of 



the first lessons brought home to the so- 
ciologist in the study of the foreign-born 
is the question of temperament. From the 
shadowy past of peasant ancestors living 
thru centuries under the most acute con- 
ditions perhaps persecution, the alien has 
fled from overseas, a veritable bundle of 
nerves requiring the most tactful and seri- 
ous manipulation for a readjustment. To 
escape the patronage of the privileged class- 
es he left the none-too-pleasant habitat. 
It is hardly to be anticipated that the I-am- 
superior-to-thou attitude adapted by so many 
vounteer faddists will contribute materially 
to his process of assimilating Americanism. 
In Cincinnati such volunteer workers as the 
Americanization Executive Committee has 
been enabled to procure have made their 
visits only after preliminary lectures from 
trained sociologists and from the field work- 
ers coupled with the personally conducted 
excurisions accompanied by a trained work- 
er on their initial visitation. In this way 
it has been conveyed to them how equisite 
tact is requisite in the first approach upon 
those they come to serve. 

Perhaps the greatest service rendered by 
the women's organizations of Cincinnati has 
been the splendid dignified and high-grade 
entertainments and receptions furnished by 
the organizations at different times in the 
auditorium of the American House to large 
groups of the foreign-born. For instance, 
an informal tea and appropriate addresses, 
a musicale or an informal evening sessiion, 
has developed that thru fellowship and kind- 
ly feeling essential at the very outset of 
Americanization. It is those unconscious 
contrasts that impress upon the mind of the 
foreign-born women the little niceties of 
dress and personal appearance, the facile 
handling of a tea cup and the added advan- 
tage of a white table cloth, all a part of 
the incubation process before we hatch new 
Americans. 

I wish I could have you some Monday even- 
ing in our ladies' rest room. You would 
find grouped a very representative American 
setting, the women with the shawls about 
their heads. Many nationalities are repre- 
sented and our women workers entertain 
them with bright conversation or sewing 
instruction, while others below-stairs are 
preparing the light refreshments always a 
part of these mothers' meetings. Equally 
interesting are the two classes in advanced 
and beginning English where bright-faced 
young fellows are mentally contrasted with 
the stolid Hungarians or sullen Roumanians, 
men. women and children eagerly drinking in 
the language of America.. Our teachers are 
thoroly trained women from the Public 
Schools, who from long experience have util- 
ized the best text books prepared for the for- 
eign-born, adding to this, approved methods 
of teaching, acquired only after long experi- 
ence in this particular line of work. After 



12 



THE AMERICANIZATION PROBLEM 



a two-hour session, a brief half-hour's so- 
cial session is enjoyed in the music room. 
The beautifully simple songs of America are 
rendered to piano accompaniment by men 
and women of many climes. 

I should never wish to suggest to any wom- 
an the undertaking of professional Ameri- 
canization as a sinecure. Self-sacrifice, long 
hours, inestimable patience and ability to 
rise to any emergency are a few of the 
characteristics demanded. Down at the 
American House we generally say that ours 
is a seven-day and seven-night in the week 
job. Emergencies arise, new foreign-born 
appear, the unexpected more often than not 
makes the place a busy bee-hive of activity 
which urgently entails the constant presence 
of some one of the overworked staff. Cheer- 
fulness is the dominant note and while 
meeting the exigencies of the present our 
lady workers are constantly planning for 
the future. Indeed our program is set many 
weeks ahead and in consequence, our well- 
oiled machinery runs smoothly. 

One of the new needs to be soon under- 
taken by the Americanization Executive Com- 
mittee is a thoro resurvey of the foreign- 
born population of Cincinnati. All existing 
statistics are practically obsolete. Many of 
our old time friends have made their 
exodus and strange faces from newer na- 
tionalities occupy in many cases sectors 
hitherto considered as belonging to one 
particular group. An earnest effort is be- 
ing made to acquire immediate acquaint- 
ance with each incoming alien family to 
Cincinnati. A complete recheck of our care- 
fully collected card index records of foreign- 
born families made in the school survey 
will be made by volunteer women workers 
and with the industrial census procurable 
from the factories, should eventually give 
us a very thoro touch with our foreign-born. 
We consider that we making progress and 
it would be unjust for us to claim the con- 
structive accomplishment that we have had 
without due crdit to the agencies which 
made it possible. The women's organizations 
of Cincinnati, irrespective of creed have 
from the very outset, entered enthusiastical- 
ly into the work of Americanization and 
in their several ways carried out every es- 
sential detail planned by the Americaniza- 
tion Executive Committee, utterly disre- 
garding personal inconvenience, time and 
cost in this service of love, constantly pre- 
sented to them as a patriotic duty. If I 
were asked today the two most important 
concommittants of successful Americaniza- 
tion, I should say, co-operation with and 
from the educational officials of the com- 
munity, second only, the interest personally 
afforded by these worthwhile women. 

Early in the present year, social workers 
from the American House blazed the trail for 
special educational work among the one 
thousand and seventy Russians congregated 



in a certain section of the city. So fertile 
was the field that a room was rented in 
the district and three district classes are 
now being taught the Language of America 
and Citizenship. A similar extension of its 
influence is now being made by the Amer- 
icanization Executive Committee in the 
Syrian Colony. 

Of course, for effective accomplishment, a 
substantial budget is absolutely imperative. 
Cincinnati has been generous to the Amer- 
icanization Executive Committee. Last year 
from the Community Chest, $15000 was al- 
lowed and this year, $16500. 

The requirements are constantly enlarg- 
ing with the increase of foreign-born groups 
representing practically all nationalities. 
Strict economy, however, so far as com- 
patible with the efficiency of service is the 
rule. 

Cincinnati's Americanization policy is ac- 
tuated by the cardinal principles of brother- 
ly love, relief and truth. Coercive measures 
are neither countenanced nor permitted. 
Moral suasion governs every relation of the 
Americanization Executive Committee with 
its foreign-born friends. The advantages of 
Citizenship — the paramount importance to 
the foreign-born resident in our midst — of 
being able to read and write English, are 
impressed upon each individual alien per- 
sonally presenting at the American House. 
An aggressive campaign for the one hun- 
dred per cent American shop is being vig- 
orously waged in many large industrial 
concerns with the active co-operation of 
their Welfare Executives. This presents 
an interesting field of endeavor, the inau- 
gural efforts of which have been most 
promising. 

While consciousness of considerable 
achievement has been a source of gratifica- 
tion to all identified with Americanization 
in Cincinnati, they realize that to main- 
tain the prestige already theirs, will require 
ceaseless effort and unflagging energy for 
years to come. The problem grows daily 
more considerable with the increase on-rush 
and influx of immigrants averaging at Ellis 
Island 3000 a day. 



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OFFICE OF DR. JOHN LEWIN McLEISH, DIRECTOR 



AUDITORIUM— AMERICAN HOUSE 





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LIBRARY— AMERICAN HOUSE 




A HOT SUMMER SESSION IX AUGUST 
INSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH AND CIVICS 



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STATISTICAL 



February I st to December 3 1 st, 1 920 



Individual Cases Handled 2161 

Affidavits Executed 575 

Letters and Circulars Sent Out 7500 

Positions Secured 75 

Homes Visited 700 

Children Attending "Junior Town" 1094 

Foreign-born Pupils in English, American History, 

Civics, Music, Crocheting and Sewing. 

Total Attendance : 2922 

Number of Entertainments, Concerts, Movies, 

Group Meetings, Picnics, Lectures, etc. 443 

Total Attendance at Entertainments 20525 



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